The Case Of Laur Final Case Study Analysis - 2772 Words

The Case of Laura: Final Case Study Analysis Psych 526: Psychopathology Roxanne Roybal de Diaz American Public University Abstract Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Cognitive Behavior Therapy and antidepressant drug therapy are treatment modalities that have shown promise with patients diagnosed with eating disorders, more so with Bulimia than with Anorexia, (Comer, 2014). In this case study analysis, a synthesis of researched outcomes-based treatment modalities is used to conceptualize a diagnosis and treatment plan for a 19 year-old female client presenting with symptoms of 307.51 (F50.2) Bulimia Nervosa; extreme. Introduction According to the DSM-5, eating disorders are characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating–related behavior that results in non-normative eating patterns which leads to impaired physical and psychosocial functioning, (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Binge eating is described as eating an amount of food definitely larger than normal with a sense of lack of control. Compensatory behaviors include misuse of laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics, fasting and excessive exercise, (Comer, 2014) . Another key feature isShow MoreRelatedSustainable Solutions11923 Words   |  48 Pagesopportunity. Senge (2008) provides a Sustainable Value Framework in which to evaluate the sustainability of a company. He says that in order for the company to be truly sustainable, it must be balanced in all four quadrants, (Se nge, Smith, Kruschwitz, Laur, Schley, 2008). The quadrants â€Å"above the line† include innovation and repositioning, and growth. â€Å"Below the line† are cost and risk reduction, and reputation and legitimacy. Those above the line generally are directed toward the future, where those

What is Communication free essay sample

Can you imagine life without any communication with other people? Do you think, it will be easy for us to socialize with them? Well, it is hard to imagine a life where there is absolutely no communication. In fact; maybe it is not even possible to lead a life without communication. Communication is the activity of conveying information, signals, writing, or behavior and communication requires a message, although the receiver need not to be present or aware of the sender’s to communicate at the time of communication. Also, communication process is to complete since the receiver has the message of the sender. Communication has a different types. The types of communication that I know are business communication, nonverbal communication, effective communication and animal communication. Business communication is communication that promotes a product or service and business communication can also refer to internal communication. Also, business communication is almost different and unique from other types of communication since the purpose of business is to make money. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Communication? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless. Also, nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communication. Effective communication happens when longed for effect is the result of panned or not panned and effective communication is information sharing. Animal communication can be described as any traits of one animal that causes the ongoing or future behavior of another animal. Therefore, without any communication living for us will not be easy.

Brick and Mortar vs. Online Education Essay Sample free essay sample

If it were 1998. a student’s options for geting a Bachelor’s grade from a regionally accredited college or university typically would be limited to attendance at a traditional brick and howitzer establishment. This allowed for direct face-to-face interaction with similar like-minded pupils and module. The idea of an option which allowed pupils to non sit in category was and continues to be controversial. â€Å"Online instruction has become a hot subject late. with more and more establishments desiring to spread out offerings. And that makes surveies of the quality of on-line instruction of import — and controversial. † ( Wojciechowska ) The arguments weigh in on both pros and cons to online acquisition. One of the many subtopics of this argument is the deficiency of societal accomplishment development and interactions found in on-line acquisition environments. I feel that due to the limited chances for face-to-face interactions between an teacher and their pupils. distance instruction has brought many new challenges to the instruction and acquisition procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Brick and Mortar vs. Online Education Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wang and Newlin ( 137-143 ) point out that small is known about the features of pupils in distance instruction classs. As a consequence. effectual course of study design is hindered by the deficiency of apprehension of the features. attitudes. and demands of the pupils in these classs ( Wang and Newlin. 140 ) . The deficiency of apprehension of the demands of online acquisition will necessarily impact knowledge. but other countries. such as societal accomplishment development. I do believe that due to economic issues non issues of physical propinquity. this is besides a challenge for traditional brick and howitzer universities as their grosss lessening and pupil Numberss in specific schoolrooms addition. â€Å"When registration Numberss swell in classs. pupils experience less direct single contact with module. and many module members perceive that the quality of instruction diminutions as they have less interaction with pupils and a limited ability to prosecute with single acquisition demands. † ( Martin. Perkowski. A ; Taft. 181 ) . It is rather safe to province that the ability to interact with module is of import to the academic advancement of pupils matriculating at establishments of higher instruction. We can non bury that there is a batch more to derive from a college experience than academic enrichment. One will besides develop several â€Å"soft skills† every bit good. These pupil development accomplishments are the preparation foundation for subsequent professional development upon attainment of their chosen calling. Harmonizing to Dictionary. Com. an on-line grade is â€Å"a college grade earned chiefly or wholly by taking on-line classs. † This definition is limited as to the current province of offerings to include academic grades. certifications and in some provinces a high school sheepskin that can be earned chiefly or wholly via an Internet-connected computing machine. alternatively of physically go toing college categories on a traditional campus scene. Online instruction affords persons that may hold physical or geographical restrictions. be in full clip work capacities or military service with the chance to obtain an commissioned instruction. Harmonizing to Dictionary. Com. societal accomplishments are â€Å"the personal accomplishments needed for successful societal communicating and interaction. † We must observe that the importance of these accomplishments is that they impact an single across their lifetime. The predominating societal accomplishments of one’s immediate environment or community will emulate the greater society’s societal regulations. It is through repeated experience and exposure that these accomplishments are created. The judgements of an individual’s behaviours are straight related to the accepted societal regulations of their organisations and communities. There is important perennial exposure to both accepted and unacceptable societal regulations on college campus. Several methods can be used to learn. theoretical account and train these regulations in both verbal and gestural agencies. This one facet of educating in an on-line environment proves to be one of challenge for on-line educational platforms to guarantee the well-roundedness of their students’ development. â€Å"Research findings on instruction strongly back up the effectivity of the on-line medium for cognitive acquisition. In comparing. surveies on the acquisition of â€Å"so ft skills† ( e. g. . developing accomplishments in communicating. leading. empathy. interpersonal relationships. or socialisation into a profession ) are few and suggest assorted efficaciousness through on-line media. ( Martin. Perkowski. A ; Taft. 181 ) . Online larning communities are non for everyone and since they lack a constituent crucial to the development of interpersonal and intrapersonal accomplishments: socialisation. The development of these accomplishments is of import and is expected to reassign to the student’s life after finishing their postsecondary educational chases. Depending on one’s calling way. the deficiency of societal accomplishments can be prohibitory to publicities and obtaining employment in more societal sections of one’s company. â€Å"Professional behavior. or behaviours that are desirable and necessary for pattern. are a major concern for pedagogues and practicians. The ability to stand out in academic classs may non needfully interpret into an ability to show ethical and effectual behaviours in the field. † ( Judson. Simmons A ; Tweed. 76 ) It is assumed that if you didn’t understand the professional outlooks of one’s calling pick. so you would’ve learned it while in college. This is typically why many countries of survey such as instruction. behavioural scientific disciplines and concern require an internship or practicum of kinds. In a traditional scene. the internship may be located in close geographic propinquity to the school. so that a module member can interact with the pupil at the topographic point of the internship and receive feedback from the supervision forces. This is non an option when 1 is enrolled in an on-line scene as the possibility for a decreased quality experience may be increased. Frequent. consistent and synergistic feedback between module and oversing staff of the houseman can be cardinal to the successful socialisation of the pupil into their profession. There is a batch of focal point on the results of the higher instruction procedure: graduation. nevertheless. pupils must besides get the accomplishments necessary to turn to the varied societal issues of their several calling Fieldss. Think of the individual that has trained academically via an on-line platform for a calling in gross revenues but has minimal societal accomplishments. It may go rather clear finally that he or she may n ecessitate to seek alternate employment as their deficiency of these accomplishments would significantly impact their ability to develop the necessary relationships that close gross revenues. A nonproductive sales representative will non last long at his company regardless of his class point norm when he was matriculating. Traditional colleges offer their grades via direct in individual schoolroom engagement and on occasion custodies on experience. By taking categories in a traditional scene. a pupil has the ability to talk with professors in individual and straight seek aid if need be. The traditional scene besides allows pupils to hold interaction with fellow schoolmates and take part in survey groups. This puting provides entree to a college library that is typically in one of the edifices on the campus and may non be every bit extended as that of an on-line offering. The advocates of on-line instruction besides feel that the ability to develop the critical acquisition and soft accomplishments is every bit possible in an online acquisition environment. â€Å"The dealingss. the civilization. the stereotypes and the webs developed in the internet and the importance give n to them are echt and reliable. even if they do non take topographic point in face-to-face. existent universe interactions. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 54 ) Collaborative acquisition is necessary in constructing one’s ain cognitive procedure. Among group members. if they can non portion their cognition efficaciously. it can take to hapless larning results ( Soller. 2004 ) . In comparing to a traditional category. the distance instruction class did non give the pupils the chances to discourse many issues in the schoolroom every hebdomad. Therefore. the pupils needed to do certain that they finished their work every hebdomad to the best of their independent ability and non fall behind agenda. Since the pupils normally had other things to make. such as work and household. it was easy to stall and make everything at the last minute. This cunctation can take to feelings of overwhelm. isolation and lead to defeat. One of the cardinal constituents of a traditional university is the authorization to go to categories when they are scheduled and there is minimum tolerance for important absences. This provides a built in answerability factor which may be needed for pupils that are now 100 % responsible for their behaviours for the f irst clip in their lives. Besides the chumminess experienced in the traditional schoolroom may non be as apparent in the online acquisition environment. There’s nil more hardening than the corporate moan of 50-100 pupils as the professor changes the deadline for concluding documents. I’m sure the reaction is the same in the online acquisition environment. but you may be inclined to ab initio believe that you are the lone one feeling that manner. The sound made in the traditional schoolroom clearly lets you know that you are non entirely is your daze of the state of affairs. Although differences exist in the schoolroom. the reaction congeals the bonds between the pupils against the teacher. Colleges across the Earth are vehemently advancing the offering of online classs. Most late. several major universities in the United States have developed a web to offer free online classs. These classs are non for recognition. but can acclimatize a scholar to both the university and the universe of on-line direction. Many colleges that have promoted online classs are making so in order to cut down the impact of the economically fuel ed enrollment diminution. When one sees such traditional establishments such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology offering on-line classs. one can deduce that these classs are comparable in quality. resource handiness and outlooks as those provided on a traditional campus. The establishments are stating scholars. â€Å"we want you and we are seeking to be flexible. † It must once more be noted that alterations in available platforms and support have transformed the manner online acquisition is being implemented. Local university. George Washington University strives to offer pupils the same academic experiences. resources and entree to faculty as traditional pupils on campus. This is important in that one of the old drawbacks to online acquisition was the inability to hold entree and socialisation to the staff. pupils and resources that were available to pupils that were matriculating on campus. It would be assumed that pupils that are on campus can entree other pupils for collaborative acquisition and socialisation. module and feedback from a professor easier. Students presence on campus may let for dropping by the professor’s office or seeing them walking across campus or tippytoing into the library to seek out schoolmates that may be r eexamining for the approaching test. This can put up a state of affairs where a pupil may be afforded the chance to hold immediate feedback or aid if needed. Several soft accomplishments can be developed in this scenario such as coaction within a group to build acquisition and the ability to seek solutions that may be out of the kingdom of what the pupil can make separately. Students matriculating via distance instructions plans are encouraged to hold pupil collaborative attempts. communicate with module members and go involved with the schools resources. but this may be prohibited by the initial demands that caused them to go on-line scholars. Their ability to have and profit from academic and societal interactions. such as survey groups. athletic nines and societal groups may be reduced because of their physical remotion of where the activities are happening on campus. Distance scholars would be required to seek out and set up societal lives of their ain creative activity. agenda entree to campus-based resources and use services that can be accommodated within their agendas and handiness restraints. Connecting with the needful resources may be more hard when 1 is physically non on campus. The entree is possible. but easier when 1 has an full staff or section at one’s disposal to help in making needful resources. Chiefly an on-line plan will offer flexibleness. convenience and educational handiness which are needed constituents for a specific market of pupil. There is a type of pupil that may happen on-line larning more appealing than attending at a traditional brick and howitzer establishment. Traditional college pupils are on mean 18-21 old ages old with a new sense of freedom as for many this is the first clip they are populating independently of their household of beginning. Historically on-line classs were being taken by older grownups that were working fulltime with households. The kineticss of online scholars are altering and a new younger group of pupils are inscribing to take these academic offerings. â€Å"Educators. research workers. and policymakers continue to reason for updated acquisition and schooling theoretical accounts and the increased usage of new and emerging electronic acquisition engineerings ( e-learning ) that can break prepare pupils for an progressively planetary. altering. and complex universe. Lags between real-world and educational utilizations of engineering and deficiency of entree to new engineerings continue to blight pedagogues. † ( McCombs. 1582 ) Historically online acquisition has removed geographical barriers to accessing instruction to increasing planetary handiness of choice instruction. Recent research now focuses on the geographical demographic to one that scholars are close in propinquity to the university that is offering the class. Socialization needs and accessing resources may be a factor in this new paradigm displacement. â€Å"Through its multiplicity the Internet constitutes likely the best manner for accessing amusement. acquisition and information. every bit good as for set uping socialisation procedures and communicating among people. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 54 ) The Internet besides offers namelessness of true ego and those that are besides take parting in the schoolroom. This namelessness takes off the ability to â€Å"l ook them in the eye† to see a response of truth or concern. One of the critical communicating accomplishments that can non be developed via online is the ability to construe non-verbal communicating. Not merely can they develop a separate online individuality. so can the module member and other pupils. There is no manner to estimate the gestural communicating that one would hold been able to construe had the interaction been handled face-to-face. â€Å"Despite the complexness of the multimedia environment of a game. an cyberspace community. a group treatment or confab and despite the complexness of the artworks. what is being drastically changed is the non-verbal communicating. the linguistic communication of the organic structure. † ( Giavrimis. Papani A ; Papanis. 55 ) In an online acquisition environment. the communicating accent is chiefly given on written duologue and one’s cognitive ability to encode and decrypt the message. A person’s ability to decently read the gestural cues being sent. are indispensable to effectual communicating. We may frequently larn more from an individual’s organic structure linguistic communication than from their spoken or written reply. This constituent is absent in larning via the on-line platform. Prior to come ining one’s first employment. the niceties of corporate civilization and the importance of gestural communicating must non be underemphasized. Nonverbal communicating has an of import function to play in existent life. As stated before. online acquisition and traditional environments are non for everyone. The differences for inscribing in a college do vary with age and necessity. Older grownups frequently enroll to gain grades for calling promotion or extra accomplishments or personal development. The key here is extra and promotion. This age group is assumed to be heightening accomplishments that they already possess. non merely larning. The younger pupils frequently enroll due to parental and community outlooks and to hold the â€Å"college experience. † It is more likely that the new on-line pupil paradigm will seek out the interaction of the on campus resources therefore making their ain â€Å"blended† plan. Most traditional universities that of fer on-line classs have yet to give staff and/or sections to suit these socialisation demands. These older grownups are non traveling for the societal experience ; they are traveling to concentrate on finishing an educational or skill end. Stated otherwise. â€Å"Distance instruction can be seen to be germinating from an basically modernist ( bureaucratic or Fordist ) signifier of instruction into a post-modernist phenomenon with a focal point on the pupil as consumer. on flexibleness and planetary reach† ( Rumble. 2001. p. 31 ) . With this passage. there is besides a displacement toward increased handiness for those who are disabled. â€Å"Many feel that eLearning holds great promise†¦for scholars with physical and mental challenges† ( Frydenberg. 2002. p. 7 ) . A college campus is filled with societal activities that are exciting to a pupil that has non experienced the independency before. If the pupil lives on campus. ma and dada will non be available to state the pupil when to go to category. survey or party. Some pupils forget why they are at the university as they become so entangled in the societal life of the college campus. They have non learned the balance of the two. This will be an of imp ort accomplishment to larn as they move towards a calling and fiscal independency and duty. It is one that can be learned at a traditional university scene. non online where it is expected that you can already manage independency and have prioritization accomplishments. Older grownups may hold households and or full clip occupations and an already established societal life so there is no demand to make one on a campus puting. Their ability and desire to interact with their schoolmates may be limited or nonexistent as they would be adding an extra societal outlook to their already feverish lives. For an older grownup scholar. they may go dismayed at the idea of holding group work in an on-line class. where the younger scholar can profit from the chance to tackle the wisdom and experience of interaction with a seasoned professional. This can be both positive and negative. Online. the younger pupil may experience isolated in that they do non hold the experience of their schoolmates. may necessitate more frequent aid to understand the stuff and feel secluded because of the diff erences of age. experience and demands. Once stray. the success of this pupil can be at hazard. Most working grownup pupils have the adulthood and ability to be responsible towards their surveies when found in the online environments. Many have learned this from old ages of independency. The pupil that is fresh from high school and their parents’ place. have non needfully developed the societal accomplishments needed to pass on demands. wants and desires. If the pupil does non develop these accomplishments. so their ability to be a â€Å"team player† in the work environment can be impacted or at worst impeded. Travel on any college campus. particularly big traditional universities. on a Friday dark or even the dark of the game of their biggest competition. and you will see socialisation in action. Regardless of major. categorization or credits earned. the chumminess that is displayed exceeds boundaries of race. credo or fundss. This one accomplishment entirely. puting aside one’s differences is traveling to be highly of import as they move frontward in today’s planetary work force. They may necessitate to be able to set aside differences in order to work with a co-worker that is half-way across the Earth on a undertaking that they must fin ish. A traditional university is where pupils can larn such accomplishments. Students at traditional universities portion laughs. letdowns and frequently sentiments of the module and the schoolmates. Each pupil in the college has the end in head of being awarded that degree so they can state that separately and collaboratively they made it. Many nightlong survey Sessionss have taken topographic point during concluding semester senior twelvemonth so that the last measure of class completion is successfully achieved. Since you don’t want any your group to non do it. you are more likely to offer support and encouragement that may non be available to those go toing the same category in an on-line version. The esteem and blessing of one’s equals can be merely what a pupil needs to maintain traveling until they get it. This besides may non be accessible with on-line acquisition. Though the grounds for go toing college may change. the way can be merely as varied. Online larning makes it convenient. low-cost and flexible for a assortment of scholars. There are cardinal constituents of socialisation accomplishments that are learned in a traditional scene and may be absent from the on-line offerings. One must measure their educational and societal demands when sing the best way of matriculation. College continues to be a postsecondary preparation environment which should give information and accomplishments that are able to be utilized in one’s calling and personal life. There is no 1 set means though of geting these accomplishments. The popularity of online acquisition is increasing at a really rapid gait and will go on to make such because the decreased barriers for accessing these frequently strict plan. but there is no replacement for the human contact found in traditional acquisition environments. Plants Cited Ariza. E. L. . A ; M. R. ( 2000 ) . Uniting instructors to encompass twenty-first Century engineering: A critical mass in a cohort of co-workers. T. H. E. Journal. 27 ( 10 ) . 23-30. Bertram. B. ( 1999 ) . Education online: Learning anyplace. any clip. Journal of Adolescent A ; Adult Literacy. 42 ( 8 ) . 662-665. Buboltz. W. . Wilkinson. L. . Thomas. A. . A ; Jenkins. S. ( 2001. April ) . Learner Styles and Potential Relations to Distance Education. Paper presented at the 12th International SITE Conference ( AACE ) . Orlando. FL. Cann. A. J. ( 1999 ) . Approaches to the rating of online acquisition stuffs. Inventions in Education and Training International. 36. 44-52. Clarke. A. ( 2002 ) . Online acquisition and societal exclusion. Leicester. United kingdom: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education. Digilio. A. H. ( 1998 ) . Web-based direction adjusts to the single demands of grownup scholars. Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems. 12 ( 4 ) . 26-28. Frydenberg. J. ( October 2002 ) . Quality criterions in eLearning: A matrix of analysis. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. Athabasca University. Giavrimis. Panagiotos. Eirini-Myrsini Papani. and Efstratios Papanis. â€Å"The Contribution of the Internet into Learning. † Review of European Studies June 2010 2. 1 ( 2010 ) : 54-60. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Judson. Kim. Brian Simmons. and Martha Tweed. â€Å"The Passage from Student toProfessional: A Model for Outcome Driven Field Placements. † Journal of Human Services Fall 2010 30. 1 ( 2010 ) : 76-80. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Martin. Lorene S. . Tracy Perkowski. and Susan H. Taft. â€Å"A Framework for Evaluating Class Size in Online Education. † Quarterly Review of Distance Education Fall 2011 12. 3 ( 2011 ) : 181. Academic One File. Web. 5 Aug. 2012. Mccombs. B. L. . A ; Vakili. D. ( 2005 ) . A learner-centered model for e-learning. Teachers College Record. 107 ( 8 ) . 1582-1600. O’Fathaigh. M. ( 2002 ) . E-learning and entree: Some issues and deductions. UACE Conference. University of Bath. 2002. Web. Retrieved July 15. 2012. from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ucc. ed/ucc/depts/ace/e-learning. pdf gt ; â€Å"online grade. † Dictionary. com’s twenty-first Century Lexicon. Dictionary. com. LLC. 05 Aug. 2012. Dictionary. com hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/browse/online grade. Rumble. G. ( 2001 ) Re-inventing distance instruction. 1971-2001. International Journal of Lifelong Education. 20 ( 1/2 ) : 31-43 â€Å"social accomplishments. † Dictionary. com’s twenty-first Century Lexicon. Dictionary. com. LLC. 05 Aug. 2012. Dictionary. com hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/browse/social accomplishments. Sherry. L. ( 1996 ) . Issues in distance acquisition. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications. 1 ( 4 ) . 337-365. Web. Retrieved July 15. 2012. Soller. A. ( 2004 ) . Understanding knowledge-sharing dislocations: a meeting of the quantitative and qualitative heads. Journal of computing machine assisted acquisition. 20. 212-223. Wang. A. A ; Newlin. M. ( 2000 ) . Features of pupils who enroll and win in psychological science web-based categories. Journal of educational psychological science.92. 1. 137-143. Wojciechowska. Iza. â€Å"Continuing Argument Over Online Education. † Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Ed. July 16. 2010. Web. 5 Aug 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. insidehighered. com/news/2010/07/16/online.

Probabilities for Monopoly

Probabilities for Monopoly Monopoly is a board game in which players get to put capitalism into action. Players buy and sell properties and charge each other rent. Although there are social and strategic portions of the game, players move their pieces around the board by rolling two standard six-sided dice. Since this controls how the players move, there is also an aspect of probability to the game. By only knowing a few facts, we can calculate how likely it is to land on certain spaces during the first two turns at the beginning of the game. The Dice On each turn, a player rolls two dice and then moves his or her piece that many spaces on the board. So it is helpful to review the probabilities for rolling two dice. In summary, the following sums are possible: A sum of two has probability 1/36.A sum of three has probability 2/36.A sum of four has probability 3/36.A sum of five has probability 4/36.A sum of six has probability 5/36.A sum of seven has probability 6/36.A sum of eight has probability 5/36.A sum of nine has probability 4/36.A sum of ten has probability 3/36.A sum of eleven has probability 2/36.A sum of twelve has probability 1/36. These probabilities will be very important as we continue. The Monopoly Gameboard We also need to take note of the Monopoly gameboard. There are a total of 40 spaces around the gameboard, with 28 of these properties, railroads, or utilities that can be purchased. Six spaces involve drawing a card from the Chance or Community Chest piles. Three spaces are free spaces in which nothing happens. Two spaces involving paying taxes: either income tax or luxury tax. One space sends the player to jail. We will only consider the first two turns of a game of Monopoly. In the course of these turns, the furthest we could get around the board is to roll twelve twice and move a total of 24 spaces. So we will only examine the first 24 spaces on the board. In order these spaces are: Mediterranean AvenueCommunity ChestBaltic AvenueIncome TaxReading RailroadOriental AvenueChanceVermont AvenueConnecticut TaxJust Visiting JailSt. James PlaceElectric CompanyStates AvenueVirginia AvenuePennsylvania RailroadSt. James PlaceCommunity ChestTennessee AvenueNew York AvenueFree ParkingKentucky AvenueChanceIndiana AvenueIllinois Avenue First Turn The first turn is relatively straightforward. Since we have probabilities for rolling two dice, we simply match these up with the appropriate squares. For instance, the second space is a Community Chest square and there is a 1/36 probability of rolling a sum of two. Thus there is a 1/36 probability of landing on Community Chest on the first turn. Below are the probabilities of landing on the following spaces on the first turn: Community Chest – 1/36Baltic Avenue – 2/36Income Tax – 3/36Reading Railroad – 4/36Oriental Avenue – 5/36Chance – 6/36Vermont Avenue – 5/36Connecticut Tax – 4/36Just Visiting Jail – 3/36St. James Place – 2/36Electric Company – 1/36 Second Turn Calculating the probabilities for the second turn is somewhat more difficult. We can roll a total of two on both turns and go a minimum of four spaces, or a total of 12 on both turns and go a maximum of 24 spaces. Any spaces between four and 24 can also be reached. But these can be done in different ways. For example, we could move a total of seven spaces by moving any of the following combinations: Two spaces on the first turn and five spaces on the second turnThree spaces on the first turn and four spaces on the second turnFour spaces on the first turn and three spaces on the second turnFive spaces on the first turn and two spaces on the second turn We must consider all of these possibilities when calculating probabilities. Each turn’s throws are independent of the next turn’s throw. So we do not need to worry about conditional probability, but just need to multiply each of the probabilities: The probability of rolling a two and then a five is (1/36) x (4/36) 4/1296.The probability of rolling a three and then a four is (2/36) x (3/36) 6/1296.The probability of rolling a four and then a three is (3/36) x (2/36) 6/1296.The probability of rolling a five and then a two is (4/36) x (1/36) 4/1296. Mutually Exclusive Addition Rule Other probabilities for two turns are calculated in the same way. For each case, we just need to figure out all of the possible ways to obtain a total sum corresponding to that square of the game board. Below are the probabilities(rounded to the nearest hundredth of a percent) of landing on the following spaces on the first turn: Income Tax – 0.08%Reading Railroad – 0.31%Oriental Avenue – 0.77%Chance – 1.54%Vermont Avenue – 2.70%Connecticut Tax – 4.32%Just Visiting Jail – 6.17%St. James Place – 8.02%Electric Company – 9.65%States Avenue – 10.80%Virginia Avenue – 11.27%Pennsylvania Railroad – 10.80%St. James Place – 9.65%Community Chest – 8.02%Tennessee Avenue 6.17%New York Avenue 4.32%Free Parking – 2.70%Kentucky Avenue – 1.54%Chance – 0.77%Indiana Avenue – 0.31%Illinois Avenue – 0.08% More Than Three Turns For more turns, the situation becomes even more difficult. One reason is that in the rules of the game if we roll doubles three times in a row we go to jail. This rule will affect our probabilities in ways that we didn’t have to previously consider. In addition to this rule, there are effects from the chance and community chest cards that we are not considering. Some of these cards direct players to skip over spaces and go directly to particular spaces. Due to the increased computational complexity, it becomes easier to calculate probabilities for more than just a few turns by using Monte Carlo methods. Computers can simulate hundreds of thousands if not millions of games of Monopoly, and the probabilities of landing on each space can be calculated empirically from these games.

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Hispanic American Diversity - Essay Example For example, some groups use the word "sopa" to refer to a food item while the rest use it to denote soap. The unique geo-political circumstances of different Spanish speaking regions have contributed to the formation of regional dialects. For instance, Mexico being close to the United States of America has resulted in the importation of English words into common usage. So much so that, some cultural commentators call the Mexican language as Spanglish. (Hope Cheong, 2006) Of all the four groups, Mexican Americans stand out in terms of their involvement in mainstream American politics. The dissenting voices of Mexican Americans were first heard during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Although African Americans were predominantly seen as the leaders of the movement, significant contributions were made by such Mexican American luminaries as V.Mendoza, Reies Lopez Tijerina and Rodolfo Gonzales. Their political activism ranged from basic rights for farm workers to rights of electoral franchise at all levels of governance. (Jokisch, 2006) Parallels could be observed in Puerto Rican American history as well. One of the more recent immigrants to the country, Puerto Ricans are poorly represented in politics. However, to their credit, they succeeded in forming trade unions to demand for worker rights during the second half of the twentieth century. Given such an initiation, it is only natural that their worker movement graduated into a socialist one. Given the strong capitalist roots in America, this movement did not make much impact though. Any description of Cuban Americans will have to be made in the context of Cubas hostile political relation with the United States. The primary reason for migration to their more affluent neighboring country is economic opportunity. Yet, the totalitarian and sometimes repressive regime of Fidel Castro would mean that the migrants are also

Race, culture and identity ( social policy and criminology) Essay

Race, culture and identity ( social policy and criminology) - Essay Example As Song (2001, p.58) suggests, this kind of grouping not only designates racial groups to a specific role in the society, but it also puts the minor groups into the shadow and subordination to the so-called â€Å"major† ethnic groups. Relatively, this racial and ethnic positioning also puts the â€Å"other† race into confusion as they become burdened by the nature of their identity. Racism, as a social problem, needs to be remedied to help the marginalised race overcome the barriers of color (A. Smedely and B. Smedley, 2005, p.16). In this way, people will be able to understand ethnic and racial identities as well as appreciate the significance of cultural diversity today (Frable, 1997, pp.142-143). Considering these ideas, this paper draws on scholarly articles to discuss the intertwining concepts of race, ethnicity, and identity. Specifically, this paper aims to discuss those concepts in relation to the â€Å"Black† subject. The Black subject stems from issues related to race, ethnicity, and identity. As Blacks and those who are considered non-white continue to suffer from racial and ethnic tensions worldwide, issues on race, ethnicity, and identity will continue to prevail in the society. Considering this situation, it can be said that studying these concepts would enable people to understand the nature of the Black subject, and the reason why it came into being. Before discussing the origin of the Black subject, it is essential to understand the concepts of race, ethnicity, and identity. These three concepts interrelate in a way that people use those to identify and differentiate themselves. The concept of identity, in the words of Brubaker and Cooper (2000, p.7), refers to three things: 1) product of socio-political action, 2) self-hood, and 3) group category. All these three aspects apply in the context of the Black subject. Black, as a group category,

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay Example for Free

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay The following were equally important reasons why Stalin was able to hold on to power in the Soviet Union: The purges and show trials The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Stalins economic policies Explain how far you agree with this statement There are a number of reasons why I partially agree with this statement, however, I do not believe it would be correct to say that it is totally correct. The fact that Stalin was extremely politically cunning enabled him to combine the above techniques, in order to minimise opposition, and maximise support and production in the soviet state. Stalins techniques can be classed into two main methods of winning support: the use of fear, and the use of propaganda and success in order to persuade. After Stalin achieved power in 1928, he became increasingly paranoid of any opposition. His initial aim was to ensure that his position in power was totally secure, and risk free. In order to achieve this, Stalin used two of the methods mentioned above: the purges and show trials, and the secret police. These two methods were very closely linked and intertwined. From around 1930 onwards, Stalin gave the Secret Police (NKVD) the right to arrest anyone suspected of opposing, or having the potential to oppose Stalin. However, this did not simply include party members who had previously opposed Stalin, for the police would arrest scientists, doctors, actors, teachers, artist and any ordinary people or workers whom Stalin felt threatened by. Naturally, this was an enormous task, and could not be managed by Stalin alone. Instead, a vast army of informers were released into society, to tip off the NKVD of any opposition. Such was the extent of the spying that went on in the 1930s, and Stalins terror of opposition, that children were even encouraged to inform on their own parents, and neighbours would condemn each other, in order to deflect blame from themselves. The situation became extremely similar to that of the Nazi police state, with the Gestapo, in which Hitler used to spy on the public. In addition to this, Stalin even took the extreme measures of executing any members of the NKVD, who were either inefficient at rooting out counter-revolutionaries, or who he suspected of knowing too much about his plans, and posing a potential threat to his position. A number of show trials were also held under Stalins command. These were court cases of predetermined verdict, which were greatly publicised in order to boost support for Stalin. By doing this, Stalin aimed to ward off criticism for having killed millions of Russians as a result of the purges. In 1934 Kirov, a popular leading communist was assassinated. Historians today are quite convinced that Stalin was at least partially responsible for the murder. However, on 13th march, 1936, sixteen old Bolsheviks, including Zinoviev and Kamenev were faced with charges of having been responsible for the death of Kirov, and having plotted against Stalin. Whilst historians today believe that it is extremely unlikely that the two loyal Bolsheviks had anything to do with the assassination of Kirov, all sixteen of the accused were sentenced to be executed on 24 August. This shows how Stalin was able to carefully twist purges and show trials into a form of propaganda, in which he could present himsel f as a great leader, and make it impossible for people to oppose him. In the following years, up to 1938, many more show trials were held. Stalin was extremely quick with dealing with the army, executing over 90 percent (some 25 000) of all Soviet generals in order to make it totally incapable of leading a putsch against Stalin. The Communist party had been purged of anyone likely to face up to Stalin, and all of the old Bolsheviks of the 1917 revolution were gone. History books were rewritten in order to erase any memory of these counter-revolutionaries. By 1939, Peoples lives were crippled with fear of the NKVD, as over 20 million Russians were now in labour camps, 12 million of them dead. To prove this, in 1989, a mass burial pit was discovered, containing the bodies of over 80 000 people who had been executed under Stalins command. However, in the meantime all knowledge of Stalins purges was being erased, and the myth of his greatness being created. Stalin had finally achieved what he wanted, and his position in power was totally safe, with the army incapable of opposing him, and all opposition amongst the communist party, and throughout the Soviet Union removed. This was an extremely important step taken by Stalin, in order to preserve his leadership, however due to the huge cost of these actions, Stalin found the economy under a great deal of stress. It is my belief that Stalin used his economic policies for two main reasons. Firstly a successful economy would cause him to look good, and help him tighten his grip on power. Secondly, the international situation was becoming fairly gloomy for Russia, it was seriously threatened by famine, and it could not compete with other industrial countries, increasingly towards 1938, after Stalins costly purges and show trials. Stalin said in a speech to the first conference of workers, we are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make up this gap in ten years. Either we do this or they crush us. We can therefore conclude that it was becoming vital for Stalin to introduce a change in the system in order for Russias economy to survive. After realising that Lenins idea of trying to persuade the Peasants to join collective farms was not working fast enough, Stalin decided that a far more ruthless process was required, in order to produce enough food to support an increasing amount of workers in industry. To begin with, Stalin tried Lenins tactic of persuading peasants, however after they heavily resisted, Stalin became far more brutal. Over 5 million kulak families are thought to have died in labour camps, along with anyone who tried to defend them. Eventually, Stalin achieved the results he wanted, and by 1935, 94 percent of agricultural land had been collectivised, and the kulak class eliminated, however the brutal way in which this process was carried out meant that it was greatly resented by many. On the industrial front, Stalin set about introducing the first Five-year Plan, from 1928 until 1932. This was a regime intended to last for five years, in which GOSPLAN, the State planning Commission constructed a list of ambitious targets to develop industry, power supply, and transport. The basic aim of the plan was to shift Russia away from agriculture slightly, and move more into industry. After having successfully swayed Russia from being an agricultural country, to an agricultural-industrial country, Stalin introduced the second Five-Year plan. This plan involved increasing the production of machinery, such as tractors to keep up with the collectivisation of farming, water supplies and transport. In little time at all, Russia had become the worlds third biggest industrial power, which was an enormous success. These five-year plans were an extremely important method of keeping Stalin in power, as people would become proud of their country and leader, and be reluctant to change. However, this boost in industrial strength came at a heavy price, and the importance of these plans is shown in the tight discipline exercised by Stalin. Managers could be prosecuted, and arrested by the NKVD for failing to reach targets, as it was actually made to be a crime. Every worker was required to have a permit in order to change jobs, and was instantly sacked if absent for more than a couple of days. Alternatively they could be briefly sent to prison! Anyone leaving school had no choice of where they worked, and they were simply allocated to jobs where employees were needed. By the time the third five-year plan was introduced in 1938, Stalin was able to start producing consumer goods, such as radios, bicycles and household goods. In my opinion, these consumer goods were a clever trick played by Stalin, to convince the public that their standard of living was improving, in order to win support. In reality, it was quite the opposite, and living standards generally declined. People were regimented, lost their personal freedom, and were very closely supervised and intimidated by the NKVD. In general, this economic revolution was a fairly important step for Stalin to remain in power. Firstly, although they may have resented the way in which the economy was boosted, it would have triggered a large amount of support from the Russian people, who felt unstable in their economy, and surrounded by hostile neighbours. Many people also shared his view that rapid industrialisation was the only way for Russia to survive, and so would have been extremely impressed after Stalin caused Russia to become second to only the USA in industrial production. Stalin was also extremely aware of the importance of his image, and how the impression he made on people affected the way in which he could govern. He realised that in order to maintain his domination of Russian people, he would be required strictly monitor and regulate all aspects of the media, and promote his qualities which won him respect, so he set up a tight propaganda program, which eventually brainwashed the minds of Russian people. Stalin ensured that all arts, films and books were carefully controlled by the state. Artists were forced to adapt their work so that it glorified the state, and positively projected its policies. Through the careful control of films, Stalin was able to promote himself as running the state as a haven of the good-life for all workers, showing workers having free holidays and happy lives. Films also promoted hard work, by glorifying workers such as Stakhanov, who exceeded his factory quota. Authors were also kept under strict regulation, being forced to promote the state and Stalins policies, and those who wrote anything critical of these thins were arrested by the KGB ( ) and thrown into prison, or disappeared into labour camps. Another way Stalin promoted himself was by presenting himself as the Father and protector of the Soviet Union. Stalin tricked the public into believing that he had been close to Lenin, when in fact, Lenin left a list of complaints of how he disliked Stalin in his testament. In general, I feel that this is a moderately important step towards keeping power in the Soviet Union, as it reduced opposition to his policies, however it would have provoked aggravation amongst people involved in the production of films, books and arts. Stalin a Drawing to a conclusion, I believe that the way in which Stalin sustained his grip on power was extremely complex, and it is therefore very difficult to put a finger on one particular technique and say that it is most important. Realistically, the four main methods used by Stalin; the purges and show trials, the secret police, propaganda and the cult of personality, and Stalins economic policies were all carefully intertwined. For example, Stalin used the show trials, in which he had many counter-revolutionaries falsely accused of murder, as a means of propaganda, to deflect criticism from himself. The secret police were also heavily involved in the three other methods of maintaining power. They ensured that Stalins propaganda campaign ran smoothly, arrested anyone failing to keep up with the pace of Stalins economic policies, and were actively involved in the purges and show trials, to such an extent that some became victims and were exiled or executed. I also believe that Stalins economic polices were partially due to the stress placed on the economy by the costly purges. It is therefore possible to see how all of the reasons why Stalin was able to hold onto power in the Soviet Union were very much dependant on each other. However, I do believe that propaganda was a rather unimportant contribution to Stalins success, after he had achieved power in 1924. Whilst Stalin did a good job of controlling the media and presenting himself well to the Russian people and the rest of the world, many Russians were not really given a choice in the first place. Therefore I believe that even without propaganda, it could have been possible for Stalin to maintain power, due to the way people were strictly monitored and intimidated by the secret police.